Former Geological Survey of Canada Building

Former Geological Survey of Canada Building

The Former Geological Survey of Canada Building, situated at 541 Sussex Drive in Ottawa's ByWard Market, is a historic three-storey stone structure completed in 1863. This building has played a significant role in Ottawa's development, serving various functions over the years, including as a hotel, military barracks, and the headquarters for the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC).

Historical Background

The oldest part of the building, the George Street wing, was constructed in 1863 by local businessman James Skead. Skead expanded the existing British Hotel, and the new establishment was briefly known as Skead's Hotel. Between 1864 and 1871, the building was leased to the Crown and served as the George Street Barracks, accommodating military personnel. In 1875, the property was purchased by restaurateur William Mills and operated as the Clarendon House Hotel until 1877. The hotel faced several scandals, including an alleged assault involving Mills' daughter, leading to its closure.

In 1879, the Canadian government acquired the property to house the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), which had been established in 1842. The building was retrofitted to serve as the offices and museum of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. The museum attracted over 9,500 visitors in its first year, laying the foundation for Canada's national museums. The GSC remained there until 1911, after which the building was renovated to accommodate the federal Department of Mines, including the addition of a laboratory in 1917.

Architectural Significance

The building is recognized for its classical and Italianate architectural style, featuring bracketed eaves, elaborate cornices, and a symmetrical window arrangement. The three-storey, L-shaped massing of the structure with a low-pitched metal roof and the walls of irregularly coursed limestone contribute to its aesthetic appeal. The principal façade on Sussex Drive and the hipped, low-pitched metal-clad roof on the Sussex Drive section are notable features. The building's design reflects the architectural trends of the mid-19th century and stands as one of the oldest extant buildings in downtown Ottawa. (pc.gc.ca)

Cultural and Historical Importance

Designated a National Historic Site in 1955, the building is associated with the early development of Ottawa, formerly known as Bytown. Its varied history reflects many themes, including the important social and economic roles of hotels, and the staging of cultural and political events in 19th-century Bytown. The early role as the museum and offices of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada, the first Canadian museum of national scope, adds to the historical value of the building. The building is also associated with James Skead, a prominent local businessman who became a member of the provincial legislative assembly, and Alfred Selwyn, a noted geologist who became director of the Geological Survey of Canada. (pc.gc.ca)

Visitor Information

Today, the Former Geological Survey of Canada Building stands as a testament to Ottawa's rich history and architectural heritage. While the interior is not generally open to the public, its exterior remains a prominent landmark in the ByWard Market, close to Parliament Hill and other attractions. Visitors can admire the building's architectural features and reflect on its historical significance as they explore the surrounding area. The building's location makes it easily accessible on foot from most downtown Ottawa locations. From Parliament Hill, visitors can walk east along Wellington Street, turn right onto Sussex Drive, and continue until they reach 541 Sussex Drive. The walk is approximately 10-15 minutes. From the ByWard Market area, head south on William Street, continue to Rideau Street, turn left, walk along Rideau Street until reaching Sussex Drive, then turn right. The building will be on the left at 541 Sussex Drive. Public transportation options include OC Transpo buses and the LRT, with stops near Rideau Centre. Taxis and ride-sharing services like Uber are also readily available in Ottawa. (evendo.com)

In summary, the Former Geological Survey of Canada Building is a significant historical and architectural landmark in Ottawa. Its rich history, classical and Italianate architectural style, and cultural importance make it a noteworthy site for visitors interested in Canada's heritage.