Jewel Tower

Jewel Tower

The Jewel Tower, located in the heart of London, stands as a testament to the rich history and architectural prowess of medieval England. Constructed between 1365 and 1366, this three-storey structure was originally built to house the royal treasure of King Edward III. Its enduring presence offers a unique glimpse into the past, reflecting the evolution of the English monarchy and the architectural styles of the period.

Historical Background

In the mid-14th century, King Edward III sought to secure his personal treasures, including silver plate and other valuables. To achieve this, he commissioned the construction of the Jewel Tower, strategically located at the southern end of the Palace of Westminster. This area, known as the Privy Palace, served as the private residence for the royal family, separate from the more public areas of the palace. The tower was built on land appropriated from the adjacent Westminster Abbey, a move that caused considerable resentment among the monks. The construction was overseen by master mason Henry Yevele and master carpenter Hugh Herland, and was completed within a year. (english-heritage.org.uk)

Architectural Features

The Jewel Tower is a three-storey L-shaped building constructed from Kentish ragstone, a material known for its durability and distinctive appearance. The design includes a turret projecting eastwards from its southern end, adding to its unique silhouette. Externally, the tower's walls are finely coursed, with the inward-facing elevations of the L being more roughly finished. The original windows and doors were replaced in the 18th century with Portland limestone features, characterized by three-centred and round arches. Internally, the ground floor is renowned for its elaborate ribbed vaulting, considered an architectural masterpiece. The vaulting features 16 carved Reigate Stone bosses, including grotesque heads, birds, flowers, and the devil, some designed to form amusing visual illusions. (en.wikipedia.org)

Evolution of Function

Over the centuries, the Jewel Tower has undergone several transformations, each reflecting the changing needs and functions of the English state.

• Royal Treasury (1365–1512): Initially, the tower served as a secure storage for the royal treasure, including silver plate and other valuables. The first keeper, William Sleaford, likely used the ground floor as an administrative office and the two upper floors for storage. The second floor, with its double doors, may have housed the most valuable items. (english-heritage.org.uk)

• House of Lords Records Office (Late 16th Century–1864): After the fire of 1512, which destroyed much of the Palace of Westminster, the tower was repurposed to house the records of the House of Lords. This role was crucial in preserving the legislative history of England during a period of significant political and social change. (english-heritage.org.uk)

• National Weights and Measures Office (1869–1938): In the 19th century, the tower became the National Weights and Measures Office, playing a pivotal role in standardizing measurements for Britain and its empire. This function was essential for trade and commerce, ensuring consistency and fairness in transactions. (english-heritage.org.uk)

Survival and Restoration

The Jewel Tower is one of the few surviving buildings from the medieval Palace of Westminster, which was largely destroyed by fire in 1834. Its survival is a testament to its robust construction and the historical significance attributed to it. In the post-war period, the tower underwent extensive restoration to repair damage inflicted during the Second World War and to adapt it for public access. The surrounding area was cleared, and the medieval moat was re-excavated, enhancing the tower's visibility and accessibility. (en.wikipedia.org)

Visitor Experience

Today, the Jewel Tower is managed by English Heritage and is open to the public. Visitors can explore its three floors, each offering insights into its varied history. Exhibits trace its evolution from a royal storeroom to a legislative archive and then to a center for standardizing weights and measures. Digital reconstructions provide visual context, depicting Westminster Hall, St Stephen’s Church, and the Palace of Westminster as they appeared before the 1834 fire. The tower also features displays of artifacts, including Delftware drinking jars and an Iron Age sword, offering a tangible connection to the past.